Update Oct 2: With concern over ebola in the US growing, I’m seeing a number of websites advocating the use of colloidal or nano silver as an effective preventative or cure.  Just to be clear – there is no research that suggests ingesting colloidal silver is any more effective than wishful thinking in treating or avoiding ebola infections.  Until evidence-based treatments are more widely available, the best advice is to listen to expert public health organizations like the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization.


On Thursday this week, the Wall Street Journal reported that Ebola victims in Nigeria’s commercial capital Lagos will receive Nano Silver in an attempt to treat the infection.  The news comes hot on the heels of the World Health Organization’s decision to sanction the use of unlicensed Ebola drugs in West Africa on ethical grounds.  It also coincides with a US Food and Drug Administration statement released yesterday warning against fraudulent Ebola treatment products.

Is the use of nano silver a legitimate application of on unlicensed treatment, or cynical exploitation of a mounting humanitarian crisis?  Having studied and written about the biological impacts of nano silver for some years now, I must confess I was surprised by the Nigerian decision.

Silver as an antimicrobial

Silver has been used as an antimicrobial agent for thousands of years – the Romans used to use silverware to reduce food and drink-borne infection.  More recently, nanoparticles of silver have been used in everything from food containers to socks in an attempt to imbue them with microbe-killing properties.

When used in the right way, the material certainly does exhibit antimicrobial properties.  But there’s a massive jump from odor-resistant socks to curing Ebola patients.

 

An Open Letter on Ebola Treatment to Nigeria’s President

The Nigerian decision to treat patients with nano silver seems to stem from an open letter to President Goodluck Jonathan from one Dr Rima E. Laibow.

As Dr. Laibow writes in her letter,

“There is, in fact, a well-established, non-toxic anti-microbial, without any known side effects, available at remarkably low cost which – • Requires no refrigeration • Is self-sterilizing. • Is readily available • Has a very long shelf life • Is not subject to degradation under temperature and humidity extremes. That nutrient substance is Nano Silver.”

Dr.  Laibow is Medical Director of an organization called the Natural Solutions Foundation.  And one of the products this organization sells is  colloidal nano silver.

Colloidal Nano Silver

Colloidal nano silver – nanometer-sized silver particles suspended in water – has been used by people to self-medicate innumerable conditions for around a century now.  Although there is no clear evidence that it has beneficial health effect at low concentrations, it can cause the disease argyria at high concentrations.

Nano silver has been on the radar of researchers and regulators for over a decade now as a substance that may be more toxic than originally thought.  As a result, there has been an intense global research effort into its human and ecological toxicity in recent years.  Studies have shown that nanoscale silver particles can be harmful if released into the environment in large quantities, and may possibly cause harm in unexpected ways in the human body under specific circumstances.  Yet there’s been little published on the use of nano silver as a treatment for infectious diseases.

Despite this, Dr. Laibow writes on the Natural Solutions Marketplace website:

That is why we can say with confidence that Dr. Rima Recommends™ The Silver Solution (Nano Silver 10 PPM) has been shown to deal effectively with the Ebola virus.

In fact, every disease causing organism against which it has been tested, all around the world has been killed (bacteria, parasites) or inactivated (viruses) by this amazing solution.

How much do you need for yourself and your loved ones? Enter your email information and I will send you my Professional Protocol as my gift to you.

US Government Research on Nano Silver and Ebola

The source of Dr. Laibow’s optimism appears to be a 2009 presentation of research carried out by Janice Speshock and Saber Hussain at the US Air Force National Laboratory.  A Powerpoint of this presentation has been declassified, and is currently doing the rounds on the internet.

The presentation reports on research into the effectiveness of silver nanoparticles in rendering hemorrhagic fever viruses like Ebola ineffective.  The study was carried out using cell cultures, and a number of viruses and virus-like particles.  It seemed to indicate that when the silver nanoparticles penetrated into cells along with the virus in sufficient quantities, they were effective at preventing the virus from being active once the cell had been exposed.

While it is impossible to interpret research findings from Powerpoint slides alone, the data do suggest that there are some unusual interactions between silver nanoparticles and Ebola-like viruses, although there are no data indicating whether similar interactions are also seen with other nanoparticles.  More importantly, they do not indicate whether these same interactions would occur in an infected patient.  They also do not indicate the quantity of silver nanoparticles someone wold need to take to render Ebola ineffective, or whether the necessary dose to have an effect would cause medical complications.

This presentation builds on previously published research by Speshock and Hussain that looked at Monkey Pox virus plaque formation inhibition by nano silver.  Using cell cultures, the researchers found that nano silver and and silver ions were effective at reducing Monkey Pox Virus-induced plaques.  However, they also concluded

“The present study demonstrates the feasibility of implementing the use, and characterizing the efficacy, of silver-based nanoparticles against [Monkey Pox Virus] infection in vitro. However, for nanoparticles to be used in therapeutic or prophylactic treatment regimens, it is critical to understand the in vivo toxicity and potential for long-term sequelae associated with exposure to these compounds.”

In 2010 Speshock and Hussain published research on the interaction of silver nanoparticles with Tacaribe virus.  The research – published in the Journal of Nanobiotechnology – indicated that in cell cultures, the presence of silver nanoparticles increased the cell uptake of the virus, but also suppressed its activity once in cells.  They concluded

“Due to the known toxicity of Ag- NPs [silver nanoparticles] in many human cell lines, and the short time limit of efficacy following infection, the Ag-NPs would likely make a more effective decontamination tool as opposed to an in vivo therapeutic agent. However, if the Ag-NPs do indeed facilitate the uptake of arenaviruses into the cell and inactivate the virus prior to cell entry, further studies should be performed to determine if Ag- NPs can prove to be an effective vaccine adjuvant.”

Speculative Studies and Clinical Use

These studies provide valuable insights into silver nanoparticle-virus interactions, and indicate that, with significantly more research, silver nanoparticles may have some role to play in preventing or managing infections. But the research does not support clinical applications at this stage.  Even if there was proof that silver nanoparticles are effective in humans in suppressing viral activity (and there is not), there are critical questions over dose and delivery.

To be effective, there would need to be systemic uptake of nano silver within the body at doses that are sufficient to inhibit the Ebola virus, but low enough to prevent unacceptable harm.  Currently, scientists have no ideas what an appropriate dose is.

Even if they did, it is not clear how the silver nanoparticles would be delivered.  Taking the material orally – as would be expected of colloidal silver dietary supplements – is unlikely to be effective as silver nanoparticles dissolve in gastric juices.  Nanoparticle uptake from the gut into the body is also very poor.  Inhaling silver nanoparticles is likewise unlikely to lead to significant nano-silver distribution through the body.  Which leaves direct injection of silver nanoparticles into the bloodstream – not an option to be undertaken lightly with an unproven and untested nanomaterial.

Given the commercial interests involved here and the paucity of evidence for nano-silver being in any way an appropriate treatment for Ebola, the wisdom of treating patients in Nigeria with the material has to be questioned on both medical and ethical grounds. There may be future treatments for infectious diseases that use nanoscale silver and other engineered nanomaterials.  But this does not seem the time to be cynically jumping on the Ebola bandwagon to promote products that may offer false hope, but little else.

More articles on ebola from the RSC

 


Update August 16, 7:05 AM EST: It seems that the Lagos State Government has resolved not to use nano silver in the treatment of Ebola, but rather resolved to use ZMAPP. Source: The Daily Post

Update August 17 12:15 PM EST: Nigerian Minister of health, Professor Onyebuchi Chukwu, reported as saying Nano silver will not be administered to Ebola patients because it did not meet required standards.  Source: The Cable

Update September 9 2014 8:40 AM EST: Nano Silver is NOT a Cure for Ebola, Manufacturer Reveals.  Nigerian Bulletin